Political trials (processes) in interwar East Galicia and Poland, 1918-1939 | Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust

By Dr. Melamed

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Collection Overview

Title: Political trials (processes) in interwar East Galicia and Poland, 1918-1939

Predominant Dates:1921 -- 1935

ID: RG-111/RG-111

Primary Creator: Periodicals published in interwar East Galicia and Poland (1918 -- 1939)

Other Creators: Polish judicial authorities, East Galicia and Poland (interwar period)

Extent: 4.0 Folders

Languages: Polish, Ukrainian

Abstract

Political trials in interwar East Galicia as well as in interwar Poland were intrinsic to ethno-national and political narrative of the time. Unsettled issues of national minorities, tensions between the extreme wings of Ukrainian national democratic camp and Polish state, communist activities, indisposition between Polish national democrats and Polish socialists and political center, a precarious social and political insufficiency of Jewish political discourse, all in all cause violent response from multiple political forces. Summary tribunals eventually replaced by jury trials frequented interwar Polish political milieu regrettably often. Some trails caused national and foreign attention the other mattered for regional politics and enthno-national interaction. Political and criminal trials in a sense described by a German term Prozess perhaps served as an outlet of public discourse and a broadcast of conflicting opinions.

The main player on the stage of political assassinations and related crimes were members of Ukrainian nationalistic organizations, members of communist organizations, Polish right wing organization known as Endecja as well as Jews who largely were tried in the capacity of communist affiliation or as a result of political entanglement to what the Steiger Trial is a perfect example.

A multi-faceted source for reflections and even a stenographic reports of this long-lasted trials were contemporaneous periodicals of Ukrainian, Polish and Jewish societal affiliation.

Scope and Contents of the Materials

A collective historic discourse comprising political trials in East Galicia and Poland over the interwar period. On the side of defendant the main players were Ukrainian largely affiliated with the UVO (Ukrainian Military Organization) and later the OUN (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists), occasiaonally the Jews (the Steiger Trial), the Botwin Trial, the Jager and associates Trial and the trial against KPZU members (that is West UKrainian Communists).

The Trial of Stepan (Stefan) Fedak and his associates, referred as Attempt on Assassination of Marshal, Chief of State, Jozef Pilsudski. The actual assault on Jozef Pilsudski and Governor of the Lwow Province, K. Grabowski.

Stepan (Stefan) Fedak, member of the Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO) together with co-conspirator executed a failed attempt on the life of Chief of State, Jozef Pilsudski and Governor K. Grabowski in Lwow, in front of the City Hall in the late afternoon of September 25th 1921 in Lwow (Lviv).

Actual Trial took place in Lwow (Lviv) in October – November 1922. Stepan Fedak claimed that he did not attempt to assassinate Marshal Jozef Pilsudski. He directed this act of defiance against the Governor K. Grabowski, revenging repressions against nationally-oriented Ukrainians and thus arising international attention to the dilemma of East Galicia in international regards.

His assassination attempt is largely regard a failed one for Pilsudski was not harmed, however, the Governor was wounded. Stepan (Stefan) Fedak was tried in Lviv (Lwow) and sentenced for six years imprisonment. He was released before the end of his term, in 1924 under the condition of emigrating from Poland. Stefan Feak lived in Paris and Berlin. He, nevertheless, clandestinely returned to Poland and began residence in East Galicia, working as a director of a Ukrainian dairy cooperative. He was arrested in East Galician town Zhuravno in 1937.

In the wake of the failed assassination Polish societal opinion reflected in the periodicals make out this a geo-political conspiracy by associate the Habsburg Dynasty as at least instigators and ideological players in the cause of separatism with regard to Ukrainian Galicia. In the course of court trial, October – November 1922, the investigation and the court proceedings came to a rather ordinary conclusion that is defiance and resistance to admit Polish political rights on Eastern Galicia. Stenographic reports and discourses in Ukrainian, Polish and Jewish periodicals would further corroborate often conflicting opinions with regard to Ukrainian national aspirations and Polish officialdom in regard to a prospective autonomy for East Galicia.

There were two narratives and various discourses, the beginning or the actual deed or event and a much longer narrative and obviously almost conflicting discourses once the trials covered, sometime stenographicly in regional and national periodicals.

Sydir Tverdokhlip, Ukrainian poet, literati, humanitarian, was prone to campaign in the November 5th, 1922 Elections from the list of agreeable to the election Galician Ukrainian party of Khliboroby (could be translated as Agriculuturalists or Bread Winners). Position of average Khliboroby hardly could influence Ukrainian political elites and average voters, however, a poet, professor of gymnasium, public figure, Sydir Tverdokhlip, was a challenging for the electoral boycott figugure. After an electoral meeting in Kamenka Strumilova, on the way to cathcing a train to Lviv at Sapezhanka he was followed by three people who killed him at the railroad station Sapezhanka. Sydir Tverdoklhim died on the next day in the Lwow hospital. Ukrainian public figures and political establishment remained overall with no accusative stand, they also ignored the funeral. Although Polish public figures, intelligentsia, authorities demonstrated aversion of the UVO (Ukrainian militants) manisfested their rightful aversive act of barbarism.

Sydir Tverdokhlib (Твердохліб, Сидір; Tverdoxlib]), born 9 May 1886 in Berezhany, Galicia, d 16 October 1922 in Lviv (Lwow). Poet, literati, professor of gymnasium, public figure and humanitarian, also a translator. After studying at the University of Jan Kazimierz in Lwow (Lviv University) and Vienna University he worked as a gymnasium professor in Lviv (Lwow). There he belonged to the modernist group Moloda Muza (Young Muse); his first poems and translations appeared in 1906 in the journal S’vit (the World). A bilingual (Ukrainian-Polish) writer, Tverdokhlib published one small book of poetry, V svichadi plesa (In the Mirror of the River's Surface, 1908), and verses, novellas, and translations in both Ukrainian (Nedilia (1911–1912), Iliustrovana Ukraïna, Dilo) and Polish (Krytyka, Przegląd Krajowy, Widnokręgi) periodicals. Tverdokhlib's translations introduced the Polish reading public to contemporary Ukrainian literature and were favorably received by critics. Published separately were his Polish translations of three books of Mykhailo Yatskiv's novellas (1908, 1910, 1911), an anthology of modern Ukrainian poetry (1911; 2nd end of 1913), and a book of Taras Shevchenko's selected verses (1913). Tverdokhlib also translated Shevchenko's ‘Haidamaky’ into German and Juliusz Słowacki's poems into Ukrainian. From 1920 he and Yatskiv headed the small, uinsignificuntly supported Ukrainian Agrarian party, which favored a compromise with Polish state of possession in East Galicia. The published the government-funded weekly Ridnyi krai (Lviv). During the Ukrainian general boycott of the 1922 elections to the Sejm Tverdokhlib announced his candidacy and began campaigning. Consequently the underground Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO) condemned him as a national traitor and had him assassinated, he was mortally wounded in Sapezhanka railroad station near Kaminka-Strumylova on October 15, 1922. Sydir Tverdokhlib died in the Lviv (Lwow) Hospital on October 16, 1922.

Repression against communist movement of East Galicia, once the East Galician communist took the stand of national communism (Vasylkovtsy) materialized in the course of the St. George Congress Trial in November 1922 -- January 1923.

In the process of accused 39 Communist activists, and eventually sentenced 10, including Mr Stefan Królikowski, a member of the Central Committee of the CPP Kazimierz Cichowski and secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Eastern Galicia Osyp Kriłyk. The defendants were sentenced to prison terms of up to three years in prison. Process name refers to the place of the conference, during which activists were arrested, the basement of the Cathedral and monastery of St. Jura in Lwow (Lviv).

Stanislaw Steiger Trial in September 1924 and in October - December 1925 reified a broades spectrum of ehtno-national and political controversies and demonsrated multi-vectorial discourses in regard to Polish, Jewish and Ukrainian political spectrum.

Assassination of the Lviv (Lwow) School District Superintendent, Stanislaw Sobinski on October 19, 1926.

Trial of the Sobinski's assassins in treason and conspiracy, January -- March 1928 and January -- February 1929.

Stanislaw Sobiński (born June 12, 1872 in Zloczow (Zolochiv), murdered 19 October 1926 in Lwow (Lviv)) - Polish educator, public figure, Superintendent of the Lwow (Lviv) school district in 1921-1926.

In the years 1909 – 1917, he was director of the Vocational School in Tarnobrzeg, then he received a position at the Ministry of Religious Denominations and Public Education in Warsaw.

On January 24, 1921, Stanislaw Sobinski was appointed Curator (Superintendent) of the Lwow (Lviv) School District, which position he held until his death. In his subordination remained schools in the province of Lwow (Lviv), Tarnopol (Ternopil) and Stanisławów (Ivano-Frankivsk).

As a Superintendent he introduced the provisions of the Grabski’s Act, turning en masse Ukrainian schools in the bilingual (utrakwistyczne). As a result of the 2151 Ukrainian general education schools in 1924, left in 1930 only 684; out of 2,568 Polish – 2186 became bilingual schools and 1793 of them were the former Ukrainian schools.

Establishment of bilingual schools took place largely in the years 1924 - 1926. Sobiński not only executed instructions in terms of converting Ukrainian schools into bilingual ones, but also recommended the introduction of the Polish language for the official use of administration in Ukrainian schools (public and private).

On October 29, 1923 as a district superintendent he banned the use of the designation Ukrainian in regard to the Ukrainian schools, renaming this notion of ethnic identity by the terms Ruthenian or Ruski.

On September 21, 1924 he ordered exclusion the use of the Ukrainian language as official from public and private secondary schools and from vocational schools. His policy elicited extremely hostile reaction among Ukrainians.

Stanislaw Sobinski died as a result of assassination attack on October 19, 1926 on Krolewska Street in Lwow (Lviv) in presence of his wife. The assassins were members of the Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO), Bohdan Pidhajnyi and Roman Shukhevych.

According to Polish researcher and scholar Richard Torzecki the organizer of this attack was the commandant of the regional UVO, Julijan Hołovinskyj.

October 22, 1926 Stanislaw Sobinski was buried at Lychakiv Cemetery in Lwow (Lviv). It is regarded that approximately ten thousand people attended the funeral procession. There were a number of high ranking Polish officials, for example Minister of the Interior Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski attended the funeral of Stanislaw Sobinski.

The trial of the 17 members of the UWO accused of the assassination of Stanislav Sobińskiego was held on January 21 - March 13, 1928 in Lwow (Lviv). They were also accused of treason and espionage. In the result, Vasyl Atamanchuk and Ivan Werbytskii were sentenced to death. On October 19, 1928 the Supreme Court overturned the verdict regarding the charges of murder and remanded the case back to the court of jury in Lwow (Lviv). In the retrial for the murder of Stanislaus Sobiński, which took place from January 28 to February 15, 1929, Werbytskii was sentenced to death, Atamanchuk to ten years of hard labor. On July 27, 1929, the Supreme Court approved the sentence to Vasyl Atamanchuk to ten years in prison. The sentence to Ivan Werbytskii was commuted from the death penalty to 15 years of hard labor. The sentences rendered by the court were the judicial mistakes for both convicts had no connection with the assassination, the names of the real perpetrators were revealed after years.

Tadeusz Holowko,

Polish pubic, political and scientific figure. He played a prominent role in shaping Polish politics in regard to national minorities in the Second Republic. He remained in favor of Ukrainian administrative and cultural autonomy and as a politician and member of Polish Sejm contributed to Polish – Ukrainian dialog and to softening of governmental measures to Ukrainian irredentists.

Tadeusz Holowko was assassinated by the members of the OUN (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists) while on resort cure in Truskawiec (Truskavets) on August 29, 1931. The OUN regional commanders denied being part of conspiracy against pro-Ukrainian Polish politician; they also denied given orders of assassinations.

The trial of 1933, known as the Sambor Trial followed a previous trial over two Ukrainian members of the OUN, who had been found guilty in multiple murders. They were Ivan Bilas Dmytro Danylyshyn.

The Trial in Sambor lasted from September 19 to October 6, 1933. Three members of the OUN, who were part of the conspiracy against Tadeusz Holowko, but did not committed the murder themselves, namely Mykolai Motyka, Aleksander Bunii and Roman Baranowskii were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment.

Ukrainian public opinion of largely condemned this murder and Ukrainian centrist periodicals protested against, as they expressed it, blame against Ukrainian nationalist as perpetrators.

Investigation and two trials proved that the perpetrators were closely associated with the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists.

Ukrainian public opinion eventually admitted that the crime was committed by the Ukrainians, members of the OUN, however, they may have presumptively acted on the political orders of non-Ukrainian force.

Two political processes (trials) held in Warsaw in 1935 and Lwow (Lviv) in 1936 against the OUN conspiracies, assassination of Poish Minister of Interior Bronislaw Pieracki, a series of political assassinations, anti-govermentatl activitis, conspiratory militant activity become apotheosis of the Ukrainian public political appeal. These trials from a Polish perspective become a reveleation of anti-state nationalistic Ukrainian activity of the OUN. These were the two last big political trials of the Organizational leadership. Both sides, Ukrainian and Polish viewed them as a public tribune to prove the wrongdoings of the opposite side and propagate the ideology of their own.

Collection Historical Note

Political trials in interwar East Galicia as well as in Poland were a common ethnopolitical discourse of the time. This Record Groups relates to political processes (trials) in a form of jury trials against largely individuals or group of national and political minorities or against the otherness.

The otherness comprises here Ukrainian nationalists and communists. Ukrainian radicals associated with Ukrainian national independence movement largely were tried for political murders. They committed crimes against Ukrainian and Polish officials in the name Ukrainian national idea of independence and rejection of legitimacy of Polish administration over East Galicia. East Galician (West Ukrainian) communists comprise as it was once put "a Jewish and Ukrainian intrigue," Ukrainians, Jews and Poles. East Galician communist movement only partially resembled a bolshevik ideology, overall this political party was longing for a national communism, rather than pure Soviet style authoritarian communist regime.

The following political assassinations perpetrated by the Ukrainian nationalist organized groups are presented here by the means of national and political discourses reflected in Ukrainian, Jewish and Polish periodicals of interwar Poland.

The trial against East Galician communists, known as the St. George Communist Congress Trial was a process against multi-national group of delegates to the Communist Congress held in the residential building of the St. George Cathedral in October 1921. The actual trial took place in November, December of 1922 and ended in January 1923.

Political trials overall lasted for several months and would become a public discourse in regard to national and political confrontation between the Polish state on one side and Ukrainian nationalist organizations, as well as a communist party. Divisiveness of political claims and rejection of compromises characterized the rise of violent acts and tensions and exacerbated a prospective reconciliation between Polish state and moderate centrist Ukrainian parties. Multiple terrorist attacks perpetrated by Ukrainian militants of the OUN, made the situation extremely aversive and denounced by the majority of population of East Galicia and Poland, notably not only Polish.

Stepan Fedak assassination attempt on the Chief of State, Jozef Pilsudski and Governor of the Lwow province K. Grabowski perpetrated in September 1921.The Trial of him and his accomplicies held in October -- November 1922, demonstrated relatively moderate radicalization of Ukrainian nationalist movement composed largely of Ukrainian youth. As a matter of defense Stepan Fedak claimed his attempt had to be directed only against the Governor Grabowski who would be epitozmized oppression of East Galicia by Poland. The trial took its course prior to the official recognition the Council of Ammbassadors on March 14, 1923, East Galicia as a region of Poland. This was the line of defense, the image of the Chief of State, Pilsudsi, was hailing high and ebodied an essense of thorny path to independence and the gained statehood.

Utterance of Stepan Fedak and his fellow defendants or conspirators reified in a national rethoric of the only loyalty to an a building of an independent Ukrainian unified state. The territory of terror, a political landscape reified by the OUN in the late 1920s and 1930s, was so far colored by romatics the code of honor, substantially corresponding to the kernel and cradle of Austrian Amry.

Sydir Tverdokhlib, assassination

Assassination of Ukrainian poet, literati and Professor Sydir Tverdokhlib exemplifies subversive activities of the Ukrainian Military Organization. This Organization actively pursued campaign to boycott Polish Sejm and Senate election of November 1922 in East Galicia. The status of East Galicia at that time was not internationally defined and agreed between the Council of Ambassadors and Poland. The Ukrainian Military Organization acted on behalf of radically minded Ukrainians to perceive an independent status of East Galicia by all means. The Organization targeted all Ukrainian politicians or public figures who would show inclination or will to represent Ukrainian population in the upcoming parliamentary elections. Sydir Tverdokhlib was a Ukrainian intellectual, public figure and he could have become a parliamentarian. He received threats on the part of the UVO (Ukrainian Military Organization). Sydir Tverdokhlib was close to Polish moderate circles those that promoting a peaceful resolution of Ukrainian – Polish military and political confrontation.

To exemplify the reality of radical and uncompromised stand, the UVO took decision to assassinate Sydir Tverdokhlib. Their militant implemented this decision when Mr. Tverdokhlib was on the way home from an electoral gathering near Kamenka Strumilowa.

Polish and Ukrainian democratic circle reacted with great resentment and to the Ukrainian militants who committed the act assassination. Ukrainian and Poles alike expressed a great sorrow and compassion to the victim and his family.

Sydir Tverdokhlib (Твердохліб, Сидір; Tverdoxlib]), born 9 May 1886 in Berezhany, Galicia, d 16 October 1922 in Lviv (Lwow). Poet, literati, professor of gymnasium, public figure and humanitarian, also a translator. After studying at the University of Jan Kazimierz in Lwow (Lviv University) and Vienna University he worked as a gymnasium professor in Lviv (Lwow). There he belonged to the modernist group Moloda Muza (Young Muse); his first poems and translations appeared in 1906 in the journal Svit (the World). A bilingual (Ukrainian-Polish) writer, Tverdokhlib published one small book of poetry, V svichadi plesa (In the Mirror of the River's Surface, 1908), and verses, novellas, and translations in both Ukrainian (Nedilia (1911–1912), Iliustrovana Ukraïna, Dilo) and Polish (Krytyka, Przegląd Krajowy, Widnokręgi) periodicals. Tverdokhlib's translations introduced the Polish reading public to contemporary Ukrainian literature and were favorably received by critics. Published separately were his Polish translations of three books of Mykhailo Yatskiv's novellas (1908, 1910, 1911), an anthology of modern Ukrainian poetry (1911; 2nd end of 1913), and a book of Taras Shevchenko's selected verses (1913). Tverdokhlib also translated Shevchenko's ‘Haidamaky’ into German and Juliusz Słowacki's poems into Ukrainian. From 1920 he and Yatskiv headed the small, insignificantly supported Ukrainian Agrarian party, which favored a compromise with Polish state of possession in East Galicia. The published the government-funded weekly Ridnyi krai (Lviv). During the Ukrainian general boycott of the 1922 elections to the Sejm Tverdokhlib announced his candidacy and began campaigning. Consequently the underground Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO) condemned him as a national traitor and had him assassinated, he was mortally wounded in Sapezhanka railroad station near Kaminka-Strumylova on October 15, 1922. Sydir Tverdokhlib died in the Lviv (Lwow) Hospital on October 16, 1922.

The Warsaw 1935, 1936 Trial of the OUN members (Pieracki assassination trial) and the Lwow, May, June 1936 OUN members trial related to the OUN subversive activities and acts of terror became a manifestation of Stepan Bandera platform of a Ukrainian Revolution. Both trials also referred as trials of the 17 members of the OUN, including it regional commanders (providnyky).

Biographical Note

This is a collective name for Jewish, Ukrainian and Polish periodicals published in the region and country. There were Jewish periodicals published in Polish language. Ukrainian and Polish periodicals are published in the respective languages.

Subject/Index Terms

Box and Folder Listing

Browse by Collection of Folder-Level:

[Collection of Folder-Level 1: RG -111.01, Stepan Fedak, Trial, 1921, 1922],
[Collection of Folder-Level 2: RG- 111.02, St. George Trial (Swietojurski Process), 1922],
[Collection of Folder-Level 3: RG - 111.03, Sydir Tverdokhlib, assassination, October 1922],
[Collection of Folder-Level 4: RG-111.04, Trial of Sobinski murder by the UVO members, 1928],
[Collection of Folder-Level 5: RG-111.05, Pieracki, assassination trial, Polish reflections, 1935],
[Collection of Folder-Level 6: RG - 111.06, Ivan Babii, assassination, Lviv (Lwow), 1934],
[All]

Collection of Folder-Level 1: RG -111.01, Stepan Fedak, Trial, 1921, 1922

Subject/Index Terms:: Young generation of Ukrainians as rejectors of Polish control over East Galicia, interwar; Ukrainian unacceptance of Polish statehood, 1918-- 1923; Ukrainian conspirators on trial, Fedak Trial, October, November 1922; Trial of Fedak and associates for the attept on Pilsudski life, October, November 1922, Lviv; The site of assassination attempt on Jozef Pilsudski and K. Grabowski at the Ratusha, City Hall 1921; The course of assassination attempt on President Stanislaw Wojcochowski, September 5, 1924, Lwow; The acts of terror manifest Ukrainian defiance and intolerance to Polish rule in East Galicia, 1920s; Targi Wschodnie (The Oriental Fairs), Lwow (Lviv), interwar Poland; Stepan Fedak drew a card with the name Pilsudksi, hi was to implement the attempt, Fedak Traila 1922; Stepan Fedak, utterance against unjust Polish rule in Ukrainian Galicia, the second day of trial; Stepan Fedak, attempt on life of Pilsudski, Chief of State and Grabowski, Governor, Lwow 09.25.1921; Stepan (Stefan) Fedak, trial and discourse, October, November 1922; Slowo Polskie relates attempt on Pilsudki in Lviv to Wasyl Habsburg and Ukrainians in emigration; Slowo Polskie, Discourse of Ukrainian anti-Polishness and terrorist methods, 20th century; Searches, arrests at and among Ukrainian public figures and activists in Lviv (Lwow), 1920, 1921; Rejection of Polish citizenship as status to deny Polish rights over East Galicia, Fedak Trial; Reflections of the Jewish contemporaneous periodicals on the failed attempt on the life of Pilsudski; Reflections in Ukrainian contemporaneous periodicals on the failed attempt on the life of Pilsudski; Polish - Ukrainian discourse in the light of Stepan Fedak attempt on Pilsudski and Grabowicz, 1921; Polirsh contemporaneous periodicals in regard to the Ukrainian conspiracy against Pilsudski, 1921; Organizational branch of the UVO (Ukrainian Military Organization) in Liviv (Lwow) in 1921; Organizatinal congress of KUM in Lviv (Lwow), July 1 -3, 1921; Non acceptance of Polish control over East Galicia, Fedak Trial, 1922; Narratives in Ukrainian language; Narratives in Polish language; Lwow (Poland); Lviv (Ukraine); List of conspirators, Viktor (Wiktor) Leonard Holubovych (Holubowycz), born 1901, Politechnika Fedak; List of conspirators, Vasyl Kuchabskii (Kuczabski), born 1896, journalist, Fedak Trial; List of conspirators, Stepan Fedak, born 1900, graduate of gymnasium, Fedak Trial; List of conspirators, Petro (Piotr) Iaremchuk (Jaremczuk), born 1899, some gymansium education Fedak; List of conspirators, Ostap Koberskii (Kobierski), born 1895, student of philosophy, Fedak Trial; List of conspirators, Ostap Horobivskii (Horobiowski), born 1903, gymnasium graduate, Fedak Trial; List of conspirators, Mykola (Mikolaj) Tofan, born 1892, student of philosophy, Fedak Trial; List of conspirators, Mikhailo (Michal) Matchak (Matczak), born 1895, journalist, law student, Fedak; List of conspirators, Jozef Styk (Sztyk, Shtyk), born 1901, law student, Fedka Trial; List of conspirators, Ivan (Jan) Biletskii (Bielecki), graduate of technical school, Fedak Trial; List of conspirators, Evhen (Eugeniusz) Zyblikevych (Zyblikiewicz), law student, Fedak Trial; List of conspirators, Dmytro Paliiv (Palijew), born 1896, law student, Fedak Trial; List of conspirators, Bohdan Hnatevych (Hnatewycz), born 1894, student of medicine, Fedak Trial; KUM, program Ukrainian youth movement stands for unification of all Ukrainian lands; KUM, program, Ukrainian student bodies are to uplift mass Ukrainian movements to gain statehood; KUM, program, the Vienna Goverment of Petrushevych is only a representation and is suboridinated; KUM, program, Independent and United Ukrainian State, Congress of KUM, Lviv (Lwow), 1920; KUM, program, Galician Ukrainian goverment is to mobilize Ukrainian society for active position; KUM, program, Galician Ukrainian Government is for education, finances, judiciary, military; Fedak Trial, court juries, Majer Frish (Frisz), merchant; Fedak Trial, court juries, Ludwig (Ludvig) Braum, bank official; Fedak Trial, court juries, Ivan (Jan) Balukh (Baluch), baker; Fedak Trial, court juries, Dr. Max (Maks) Zalcberg (Zaltsberg), lawyer; Fedak Trial, court juries, David (Dawyd) Hules (Gulies), lawer; Fedak Trial, court juries, Artur Bartosz (Bartosh), merchant; Fedak Trial, court juries, Adolf Chop (Czop), merchant; Fedak Trial, court charges, Vasyl Kuchabskii (Kuczabski), complicity in assassination of Pilsudkski; Fedak Trial, court charges, Ostap Koberskii (Kobierski), complicity in assassinaiton of Pilsudski; Fedak Trial, court charges, Mykhailo Matchak (Michal Matczak), complicity in assassination; Fedak Trial, court charges, Jozef (Iosyp) Styk (Sztyk, Shtyk), complicity in assassination; Fedak Trial, court charges, Fedak, attempt of assassination of Jozef Pilskudski; Fedak Trial, court charges, Dmytro Paliiv (Paliiew), complicity in assassination of Jozef Pilsudski; Fedak Trial, a question of official language of proceedings, Ukrainian versus Polish; Fedak Trial, 1922, Defense discourse, reflected in Ukrainian, Jewish and Polish periodicals; Fedak, Sztyk (Styk), Paliiv, Kuchabski (Kuczabski), Matczak (Matchak), members of KUM; Eastern Galicia (Poland: Region); Dr. Stepan Fedak, father of Stepan Fedak, assassin and defendant, Fedak Trial, 1921, 1922; Documents in Ukrainian language; Discourse of the Fedak and associates trial in Lviv (Lwow), October, November 1922, Lviv (Lwow); Dilo, reflections on the beginning of the Fedak and accomplices trial, discourse, October 1922; Defiance of Ukrainian young educated generation against Polish authorities in East Galicia interwar; Defendants (conspirators) discussed the attempt in Cafe Republique on September 23, 1921 Fedak Trial; Conspirators drew a choice who was to implement the attempt on Pilsudski, Fedak Trial, 1922; Congress of KUM (Committee of Ukrainian Youth Movement), program, Lviv (Lwow), 1920; Commissar Kajdan, investigation of Stepan Fedak, September after 25th, 1921, Fedak Trial, 1922; Chwila, analysis of the causation induced the assassination attempt, Chwila, September 29, 1921; Chronology of September 25, 1921, Pilsudski first day visit in Lwow (Lviv), Kurjer Lwowski, October; Biography of Stepan (Stefan) Fedak, a failed assassin of Pilsudski, interwar, wartime; Assassination attempt on Chief of State, Jozef Pilsudski in Lwow (Lviv) on September 25, 1921; KUM (Committee of Ukrainian Youth Movment), program, July 1920, Lviv (Lwow); Jozef Pilsudski, visit to Lwow (Lviv) for the opening of the Targi Wschodnie, September 25, 1921; Jozef Pilsudski, Polish stateman, Chief of State, the leader of the Second Polish Republic; Investigation of attempt of Pilsudki and Grabowski lives, Lviv, September 1921, Fedak and associates; Indictment of the Stepan Fedak, Fedak Trial, first day, Kurjer Lwowski, October 24, 1922; Governor of the Lwow (Lviv) province, Kazimierz Grabowski, personality, Fedak Trial; Fedak utterance of Mickiewicz, Gwalt niech sie gwaltem odpiera," violence to be met with violence; Fedak utterance, Hanba Rzadu Polskiego, Disgrace of Polish Government, Fedak Trail, Second day; Fedak Trial, Ukrainian as a language of proceedings, Chairman of the court Majer; Fedak trial, proceedings in Polish and Ukrainian, October, November 1922, Lviv (Lwow); Fedak Trial, court juries, Wladyslaw (Vladyslav) Liepski (Lepskii), official; Fedak Trial, court juries, Ryszard (Ryshard) Wiederwald (Vidervald), engineer; Fedak Trial, court juries, Pylyp (Phylyp) Kokh (Koch), cofe shop owner; Documents in Polish language; Fedak Trial, court juries, Pylyp (Phylyp) Felnel, property owner; Fedak Trial, court juries, Marcin (Martyn) Dudzinski (Dudzinskii), offiical

Creators:: Polish, Jewish and Ukrainian periodicals published in East Galicia and Poland, 1921, 1922 (interwar)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 1: RG-111.01.01, Slowo Polskie, September 25, 1921, No. 428, Otwarcie Targow Wschodnich

Slowo Polskie, a conservative periodical at the time. This issue reflects on the opening of Targi Wschodnie (The Eastern Fairs) in September 1921

Subject/Index Terms:: Periodicals, Polish; Polish periodicals, 1918 -- 1939; Polish periodicals published in Eastern Galicia, inteerwar; Slowo Polskie (The Polish Word), periodical Polish; Slowo Polskie, conservative pro national democracy publication, Lwow (Lviv), 1918 -- 1926; Targi Wschodnie (the Eastern Fairs), advertisement of establishments, in Slowo Polskie, 1921; Slowo Polskie, reflections on the economic and political significance of Targi Wschodnie, 1921; Antisemitic discourse of international Jewry, publication in Slowo Polskie, September 1921; Targi Wschodnie, an impulse for development, series of articles in Slowo Polskie, September 1921; Ethnonational discourse, reflections in Slowo Polskie, September 1921; Advertisement in Slowo Polskie, interwar; Historical narratives published in Slowo Polskie, interwar; Literary narratives published in Slowo Polskie, interwar; Reportoire of theaters in Lwow (Lviv), Slowo Polskie, interwar; Documents in Polish language; Narratives in Polish language

Creators:: Slowo Polskie (The Polish Word), editorial board and contributors (1918 -- 1939))

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 2: RG-111.01.02, Slowo Polskie, September 26, 1921, No. 429, Targi Wschodnie

Slowo Polskie (the Polish Word), first a conservative, then a pro-governmental liberal periodical published in Lwow (Lviv) from 1895 to 1946.

Editors, in 1921, Waclaw Mejbaum, in 1923, Stanislaw Grabski, before May 1926, Roman Kordsys and publisher Wladyslaw Kucharski. After Pilsudski cam came to power, Slowo Polskie joined the pro-governmental camp and maintained a liberal trend. Then Wilhelm and Antoni Skrzyczynski became editors of the Slowo.

Subject/Index Terms:: Polish periodicals, 1918 -- 1939; Polish political and social periodicals, 1918 -- 1939; Slowo Polskie, conservative pro national democracy publication, Lwow (Lviv), 1918 -- 1926; Wilno status, discourse in regard to debates in the Leage of Nations, Slowo Polskie, interwar; Wilno status discourse, reflections on the representation by Szymon Aszkenazi, Polnad, Slowo Polskie; Reflections on Gdansk (Danzig) status in the League of Nations, Slowo Polskie, interwar; Targi Wschodnie (the Eastern Fears), opening September 25, 1921, Lwow (Lviv), Slowo Polskie; Targi Wschodnie (the Eastern Fears), 1921, advertisements, Slowo Polskie, 1921; Documents in Polish language; Narratives in Polish language

Creators:: Slowo Polskie (The Polish Word), editorial board and contributors (1918 -- 1939)); Waclaw Mejbaum, editor of Slowo Polskie (1921)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 3: RG-111.01.03, Slowo Polskie, September 27, 1921, , No. 430, Attempt on the Chief of State, Jozef Pilsudski

Slowo Polskie (the Polish Word), first a conservative, then a pro-governmental liberal periodical published in Lwow (Lviv) from 1895 to 1946.

Slowo Polskie, a conservative periodical at the time. This issue reflects on the opening of Targi Wschodnie (The Eastern Fairs) in September 1921

Subject/Index Terms:: Attempt on the life of Jozef Pilsudski, Chief of State, perpetrated by Stepan Fedak, Slowo Polskie; Slowo Polskie on the assassination attempt on Pisudski in Lwow, September 25, 1921, Stepan Fedak; Stepan Fedak, attempt on life of Pilsudski, Chief of State and Grabowski, Governor, Lwow 09.25.1921; Targi Wschodnie, an impulse for development, series of articles in Slowo Polskie, September 1921; Jozef Pilsudski, visit to Lwow (Lviv) for the opening of the Targi Wschodnie, September 25, 1921; Jozef Pisludski attendence of Targi Wschodnie and official institutions, September 25, 1921; Jozef Pilsudski at Ratusza (City Hall), Lwow, unveiling of the White Eagle, September 25, 1921, at 5; Lithuanian discourse as reflected in the debated of the League of Nation, Slowo Polskie, interwar; Inspector Lukomski, assassination attempt on Jozef Pilsudski by Stepan Fedak, September 25, 1921; Polish memoir prose published in Slowo Polskie, interewar; Memoir prose of Polish Ukrainian war of 1918 -- 1919, published in continuity in Slowo Polskie, 1921; Targi Wschodnie (the Eastern Fears), 1921, advertisements, Slowo Polskie, 1921; Advertisements in Slowo Polskie, interwar; Slowo Polskie, geo political discourse of Polish internal affairs, interwar; Slowo Polskie, local news, reportages, interwar; Documents in Polish language; Narratives in Polish language

Creators:: Slowo Polskie (The Polish Word), editorial board and contributors (1918 -- 1939)); Waclaw Mejbaum, editor of Slowo Polskie (1921)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 4: RG-111.01.04, Chwila. Tuesday 27, September 1921. No. 966, Attempt on Pilsudksi in Lwow, September 25

Chwila, Jewish liberal daily in Polish language, published in Lwow (Lviv), typically reflected on geo-political discourse and on regional political and entic discourse. Stepan Fedak's attemp on the life of Jozef Pilsudski, Chief of State, was an extraordinary even in regional course of historic narrative.

Subject/Index Terms:: Assassination attempt on Chief of State, Jozef Pilsudski in Lwow (Lviv) on September 25, 1921; Attempt on Pilsudski's life at the Ratusza (City Hall) on September 25, 1921, Lwow (Lviv) by Fedak; Attempt on the Pilsudski's life, discourse in Polish periodicals, 1921, Chwila; Reportage in Chwila in regard to the attempt of Jozef Pilsudski in K. Grabowski, Lwow September 1921; Periodicals Jewish in Polish language published in Lwow (Lviv), Chwila, 1919 -- 1939; Periodicals, Jewish, interwar Poland; Chwila, newspaper, Jewish (Polish); Jozef Pilsudski, visit to Lwow (Lviv) for the opening of the Targi Wschodnie, September 25, 1921; Jewish literary prose in Polish language, published in Chwila, 1921; Advertisements in Chwila, 1921; Documents in Polish language; Narratives in Polish language; Lwow (Poland); Lviv (Ukraine); Eastern Galicia (Poland: Region); Eastern Galicia (Ukraine: Region)

Creators:: Chwila (the Moment), editorial board and contributors (1919 -- 1939); Chwila Publishing Association, 1920 -- 1939; Chwila, newspaper, Jewish (Polish) (1919 -- 1939)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 5: RG-111.01.05, Chwila. Wednesday 28, September 1921. No. 967, discoures of th e attempt by Fedak

Chwila, Jewish liberal national newspaper in Polish language, published in Lwow (Lviv), interwar period. Chwila in September of 1921 and October - November 1922 followed a national and ethnic discourse of the failed attempt by Stepan Fedak on the life of Jozef Pilsudski, Chief of State in Lwow (Lviv) on September 25, 1921

Subject/Index Terms:: Attempt on Pilsudski's life at the Ratusza (City Hall) on September 25, 1921, Lwow (Lviv) by Fedak; Attempt on Pilsudski's life by Stepan Fedak, September 25, 1921, reflections and discourse, Chwila; Reflections on Stepan Fedak assassination attempt on Jozef Pilsudski, September 1921, Chwila; The course of assassination plot implemented by Fedak and co-conspirators, reflected in Chwila, 1921; Ukrainian anti-Polish conspiracy and conspirators, Fedak attempt on the life of Jozef Pilsudski 1921; Polish press regarded Pilsudski a supporter of Ukrainian cause, reflections in Chwila September 1921; Short reportages and news, reflected in Chwila, 1919 -- 1939; First General Census of population in Poland, September 1921; First General Census of Population in Poland, September 1921, reflections in Chwila, September 1921; Periodicals, Jewish, interwar Poland; Periodicals Jewish in Polish language published in Lwow (Lviv), Chwila, 1919 -- 1939; Periodicals, Jewish; Targi Wschodnie (the Eastern Fairs), advertised establishments in Chwila, 1921; Lviv (Ukraine); Lwow (Poland); Eastern Galicia (Poland: Region); Eastern Galicia (Ukraine: Region); Documents in Polish language; Narratives in Polish language

Creators:: Chwila (the Moment), editorial board and contributors (1919 -- 1939); Chwila Publishing Association, 1920 -- 1939; Chwila, newspaper, Jewish (Polish) (1919 -- 1939)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 6: RG-111.01.06, Slowo Polskie, September 28, 1921, No. 432, In the aftermath of the Attempt on the Chief of State

Slowo Polskie, until 1927, a Polish nationalistic publicaiton. It conceptualized ideology of National Democracy and Christian Democracy. Published in Lwow (Lviv), this newspaper closeley reflected on Stepan Fedak's and other Ukrainian conspirators assassination attempt on Chief of State Jozef Pilsudksi and Governor K. Grabowski in Lwow (Lviv) on September 25, 1921.

Subject/Index Terms:: Discourse of the Fedak and associates trial in Lviv (Lwow), October, November 1922, Lviv (Lwow); Attempt on Pilsudski's life at the Ratusza (City Hall) on September 25, 1921, Lwow (Lviv) by Fedak; Attempt on the life of Jozef Pilsudski, Chief of State, perpetrated by Stepan Fedak, Slowo Polskie; Stepan Fedak and Ukrainian conspirators, attempt on Pilsudski, discourse and analysis, Slowo Polskie; Polish memoir prose published in Slowo Polskie, interewar; Polish political and social periodicals, 1918 -- 1939; Polish periodicals, 1918 -- 1939; Slowo Polskie, local news, reportages, interwar; Slowo Polskie, geo political discourse of Polish internal affairs, interwar; Slowo Polskie, reflections on the economic and political significance of Targi Wschodnie, 1921; Targi Wschodnie (the Eastern Fears), 1921, advertisements, Slowo Polskie, 1921; Lwow (Poland); Lviv (Ukraine); Eastern Galicia (Poland: Region); Eastern Galicia (Ukraine: Region); Documents in Polish language; Narratives in Polish language

Creators:: Slowo Polskie (The Polish Word) (1922); Slowo Polskie, editorial board and contributors, 1918 -- 1926

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 7: RG-111.01.07, Chwila. Thursday 29, September 1921. No. 968, repudiation to Slowo Polskie

Chwila, Jewish liberal daily in Polish language published in Lwow (Lviv), interwar period, reflected with discourse and reportages on the Fedak's assassination attempt on Jozef Pilsudski and Governor K. Grabowski that took place in front of the Ratusza (City Hall) in Lwow (Lviv) on September 25, 1921

Subject/Index Terms:: Chwila, analytical narratives; Attempt on Pilsudski's life by Stepan Fedak, September 25, 1921, reflections and discourse, Chwila; Reflections and analysis on the Fedak and Ukrainian conspirators attempt on Pilsudski Chwila, 1921; Denunciation on Fedak's attempt on Pilsudski and Grabowski lives in Chwila, September 1925; Periodicals Jewish in Polish language published in Lwow (Lviv), Chwila, 1919 -- 1939; Periodicals, Jewish, interwar Poland; Polish poticial discourse of government, reflected in Chwila, interwar; Polish governments and politics, Antoni Ponikowski elected Prime Minister, September 1921, Chwila; Advertisements in Chwila, 1921; Targi Wschodnie (the Eastern Fairs), advertised establishments in Chwila, 1921; Lwow (Poland); Lviv (Ukraine); Eastern Galicia (Poland: Region); Eastern Galicia (Ukraine: Region); Documents in Polish language; Narratives in Polish language

Creators:: Chwila (the Moment), editorial board and contributors (1919 -- 1939); Chwila Publishing Association, 1920 -- 1939; Chwila, newspaper, Jewish (Polish) (1919 -- 1939)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 8: RG-111.01.08, Slowo Polskie, September 29, 1921, No. 434, In the aftermath of the Attempt on the Chief of State

Slowo Polskie (the Polish Word), first a conservative, then a pro-governmental liberal periodical published in Lwow (Lviv) from 1895 to 1946.

Subject/Index Terms:: Narratives in Polish language; Documents in Polish language; Advertisement in Slowo Polskie, interwar; Slowo Polskie (The Polish Word), periodical Polish; slowo Polskie, geo political discourse of Polish international affairs, interwar; Slowo Polskie, local news, reportages, interwar; Slowo Polskie, reflections on the economic and political significance of Targi Wschodnie, 1921; Memoir prose of Polish Ukrainian war of 1918 -- 1919, published in continuity in Slowo Polskie, 1921; Stepan Fedak and Ukrainian conspirators, attempt on Pilsudski, discourse and analysis, Slowo Polskie; Ukrainian irredentism to Poland in interewar Galicia, reflection in Slowo Polskie, September 1921; Ukrainian separatism in regard East Galicia, ethnopolitical discourse, Slowo Polskie, September 1921; International news reported in Slowo Polskie, interwar

Creators:: Slowo Polskie, editorial board and contributors, 1918 -- 1926; Waclaw Mejbaum, editor of Slowo Polskie (1921)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 9: RG-111.01.09, Slowo Polskie, October 1, 1921, No. 436, political discourse

Slowo Polskie (the Polish Word), first a conservative, then a pro-governmental liberal periodical published in Lwow (Lviv) from 1895 to 1946.

Subject/Index Terms:: Slowo Polskie, geopolitical discourse, interwar; Slowo Polskie, editorial and analytical articles, interwar; Polish periodicals published in Lwow (Lviv), 1918 --1939; Periodicals, Polish; Periodicals in Polish language; Slowo Polskie (The Polish Word), periodical Polish; Slowo Polskie, historical prose, interwar; Memoir prose of Polish Ukrainian war of 1918 -- 1919, published in continuity in Slowo Polskie, 1921; Slowo Polskie, geopolitical discourse of Polish regional conflicts, October 1921; Slowo Polskie, theatrical review, interwar; Slowo Polskie, local news, reportages, interwar; Documents in Polish language; Narratives in Polish language; Advertisements in Slowo Polskie, interwar

Creators:: Slowo Polskie (The Polish Word) (1922); Slowo Polskie, editorial board and contributors, 1918 -- 1926; Waclaw Mejbaum, editor of Slowo Polskie (1921)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 10: RG-111.01.10, Slowo Polskie, October 3, 1921, No. 438, political discourse

Slowo Polskie (the Polish Word), first a conservative, then a pro-governmental liberal periodical published in Lwow (Lviv) from 1895 to 1946.

Subject/Index Terms:: Slowo Polskie, editorial and analytical articles, interwar; Slowo Polskie, geopolitical discourse, interwar; Polish periodicals published in Eastern Galicia, inteerwar; Polish periodicals published in Lwow (Lviv), 1918 --1939; Advertisements in Slowo Polskie, interwar; Slowo Polskie, Polish parliamentary discourse, reflections by Slowo Polskie, interwar; Slowo Polskie, local news, reportages, interwar; Memorandum of East Galician Zionist in favor of the Central powers, 1915, Slowo Polskie October 1921; Polish political prose published in Slowo Polskie, interwar; Memoir prose of Polish Ukrainian war of 1918 -- 1919, published in continuity in Slowo Polskie, 1921; Slowo Polskie in regard to Ukrainian ethnopolitical discourse, interwar; Slowo Polskie, geopolitical discourse of Polish regional conflicts, October 1921; Reports of financial institutions published in Slowo Polskie, interwar; Documents in Polish language; Narratives in Polish language; Upper Silesia, political discourse, reflected in Slowo Polskie, 1921; International discourse with regard to Upper Silesia, claimed by Poland and Germany, Slowo Polskie

Creators:: Slowo Polskie, editorial board and contributors, 1918 -- 1926; Waclaw Mejbaum, editor of Slowo Polskie (1921)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 11: RG-111.01.11, Slowo Polskie, October 6, 1921, No. 440, East Galician political discourse

Slowo Polskie (the Polish Word), first a conservative, then a pro-governmental liberal periodical published in Lwow (Lviv) from 1895 to 1946.

Subject/Index Terms:: Slowo Polskie (The Polish Word), periodical Polish; Slowo Polskie, conservative pro national democracy publication, Lwow (Lviv), 1918 -- 1926; Slowo Polskie, editorial and analytical articles, interwar; slowo Polskie, geo political discourse of Polish international affairs, interwar; Slowo Polskie, geopolitical discourse of the new Republic, 1921; Slowo Polskie, geopolitical discourse, interwar; Upper Silesia, political discourse, reflected in Slowo Polskie, 1921; Polish periodicals, 1918 -- 1939; Polish periodicals published in Lwow (Lviv), 1918 --1939; International news reported in Slowo Polskie, interwar; Ethnonational scholarly articles with regard to East Galicia, Slowo Polskie, interwar; Memoir prose of Polish Ukrainian war of 1918 -- 1919, published in continuity in Slowo Polskie, 1921; Polish Ukrainian campaign for East Galicia, Polish prose, Slowo Polskie, interwar; Polish Lithuanian political discourse reflected in Slowo Polskie, interwar; Polish literary prose published in Slowo Polskie, interwar; Parliamentary affairs, reflected in Slowo Polskie, interwar; Advertisement in Slowo Polskie, interwar; Documents in Polish language; Narratives in Polish language

Creators:: Slowo Polskie (The Polish Word), editorial board and contributors (1918 -- 1939)); Waclaw Mejbaum, editor of Slowo Polskie (1921)

Document/Artifact of Item-Level 12: RG-111.01.12, Slowo Polskie, October 8, 1921, No. 442, East Galician political discourse

Slowo Polskie (the Polish Word), first a conservative, then a pro-governmental liberal periodical published in Lwow (Lviv) from 1895 to 1946.

Subject/Index Terms:: International discourse with regard to Upper Silesia, claimed by Poland and Germany, Slowo Polskie; Slowo Polskie, editorial and analytical articles, interwar; Slowo Polskie, geopolitical discourse, interwar; Slowo Polskie, geopolitical discourse of the new Republic, 1921; Slowo Polskie, local news, reportages, interwar; International news reported in Slowo Polskie, interwar; Polish periodicals, 1918 -- 1939; Polish periodicals published in Lwow (Lviv), 1918 --1939; The Question of Upper Silesia, discourse in the Leaague of Nations, 1921, Slowo Polskie; Jan Czekanowski, Ethnonational articles on East Galicia, published in Slowo Polskie, 1921; Polish memoir prose published in Slowo Polskie, interewar; Polish Ukrainian campaign for East Galicia, Polish prose, Slowo Polskie, interwar; Polish historic discourse with regard to advance and retreat, Soviet Ukraine, 1920, Slowo Polskie; Advertisements in Slowo Polskie, interwar; Documents in Polish language; Narratives in Polish language

Creators:: Slowo Polskie, editorial board and contributors, 1918 -- 1926; Waclaw Mejbaum, editor of Slowo Polskie (1921)

Collection of Folder-Level 2: RG- 111.02, St. George Trial (Swietojurski Process), 1922

Świętojurski process - the process of activists of the Communist Party of Eastern Galicia ongoing from 22 November 1922 to 11 January 1923 year.

Subject/Index Terms:: Prosecution and tribunal, utterance in regard to the guilt of defendants, St. George communist Trial; Prosecutor Guertler (Gurtler), political trials in Lviv (Lwow), interwar; Communist Party of Western Ukraine (Poland), 1922 -- 1939; Communist Party of East Galicia, 1915 -- 1923; Communist Party of Eastern Galicia, political ideology; Congress of Communist Party of Eastrn Galicia, October 1921, Lviv (Lwow); The St. George Communist Congress Trial in Lviv (Lwow), November, December 1922, January 1923; East Galician communists, political platforms in regard to bolsheviks and national communism, 1920s; Ideology of Eastern Galician communist in regard to Polish communists and bolsheviks, 1920s; Discourse of loyalty to Poland among East Galician communist, Soviet invasion of Poland, 1919, 1920; Congress of East Galician communists, speeches and debates, October 1921, St. George grounds, Lviv; St. George Communist Congress Trial, list of defendants, 1922, Lviv (Lwow); Stefan Krolikowski (pseudo Cyprian), defendant, St. George Congress Trial, deputy to Sejm, 1922; Flowers for Stefan Krolikowski in the court room, St. George Communist Congress Trial, November 1922; Logistic of the St. George Communist Congress in the end of October 1921, Wiek Nowy, November 1922; Refelctions on how the St. George Communist Congress was organized in October 1921, Wiek Nowy, 1922; Dr. Czeslawa Grosser, Paper delivered to the St. George Communist Congress, opening of the congress; Polish police ceases the Congress on its first day at the Dr. Grosserowa utterance, October 30, 1921; Indictment in the St. George communist congress of October 30, 1921 in Lviv Wiek Nowy, November 1922; Dr. Czeslawa Grosser (Grosserowa), medical doctor, defendant, St. George communist trial, Lviv, 1922; Kazimierz Cichowski (fasle, Lukasiewicz), defendant, St. George Communist Congress Trial, 1922, 1923; Osyp (Iosyp) Krilyk ("Wasylkiw"), law student, defendant in St. George Communist Congresss Trial; Izydor Senyk, defendant, student of Polytechnika, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; Nestor Chomyn, defendant, graduate of Philosophy, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; Adolf Samet (vel Jung), defendant, student of Philosophy, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; Adolf Langer, defendant, student of Philosophy, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; Franciszek Leczycki, defendant, technician, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; Marya Gizowska, defendant, student of medicine, St. George Trial, Lviv, 1922; Michal Malinowski, defendant, law student, St. George Trial, Lviv, 1922; Wasyl Korbutiak, defendant, farmer, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; Wlodzimierz Popiel, defendant, bricklayer, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; Iszajasz Schneider vel Rottenberg, defendant, gimnasium graduate, St. George Congress Trial, 1922; Wladyslaw Meszaros, defendant, student of Polytechnika, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; Mozes Raeder vel Rappaport, defendant, tayloring journeyman, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; Hersz Raeder vel Rappoport, defendant, gimnasium graduate, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; Jan Wantuch, defendant, gimnasium graduate, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; Aleksander Czura, defendant, graduate of the 6th grade of gimnasium, St. George Congress Trial, 1922; Jurko Matwijow (Iurko Matviiv), defendant, five graded of people school, St. George Congress Trial; Dmytro Mojsa, defendant, farmer, St. George Congress communist trial, Lviv, 1922; Iwan Dicis (Ivan Dichis), defendant, farmer, St. George Congress Trial, 1922; Eutachy Cybruch (Evstachii Tsybrukh), defendant railway locksmith, St. George Congress Trial, 1922; Ilko Semec (Semech), defendant, farmer, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; Onufry Semec (Onufrii Semech), defendant, farmer, St. George Congress Trial, 1922; Abraham Bergman, defendant, law student, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; Jozef Helo, defendant, shoemaker, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; Antoni Kujawinski, defendant, locksmith, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; Tomasz Barszowski, defendant, St. George Communist Congress Trial in Lviv (Lwow), 1922; Aleksander Piszkiewicz, defendant, people school teacher, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; Michal Tesluk (Mykhailo Tesliuk), defendant, former student of philosophy, St. George Trial, 1922; Adolf Ursaki, defendant, fireplace journeyman, St. George Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922; St. George Communist Congress Trial, 1922, personalities of defendants, biographies, Wiek Nowy, 1922; Dr. Czeslawa Grosser (Grosserowa), political biography, St. George communist congress trial, 1922; Dr. Czeslawa Grosser (Grosserowa), founder of the group, Polish communist of East Galicia, 1921; Antoni Kujawnski, political remarks, St. George communist congress trial, Lviv, 1922, Wiek Nowy 1922; St. George Communist Congress Trial, composition of defense, Lviv, 1922, 1923, Wiek Nowy, 1922; Dr. Duracz from Warsaw, defense attorney, St. George Communist Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922, 1923; Dr. Grek, defense attorney, St. George communist Congress trial, Lviv, 1922, 1923; Dr. Pieracki, defense attorney, St. George Communist Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922, 1923; Dr. Hankewycz, defense attorney, St. George Communist Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922, 1923; Dr. Dawydiak, defense attorney, St. George Communist Congres Trial, Lviv, 1922, 1923; Dr. Landau from Przemysl, defense attorney, St. George Congress Communist Trial, 1922, 1923; Dr. Einengler, defense attorney, St. George Communist Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922, 1923; Dr. Juliusz Luft, defense attorney, St. George Communist Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922, 1923; Dr. Dawid Luft, defense attorney, St. George Communist Congress Trial, Lviv, 1922, 1923; Dr. Akser, defense attorney, St. George Communist Congress Trial, 1922, 1923; St. George Communist Congress Trial, testimonies of defendants, Lviv (Lwow), 1922; St. George Communist Congress Trial, testimony of Stefan Krolikowski, October 1922, Lviv (Lwow); St. George Communist Congress Trial, testimony of Dr. Czeslawa Grosser (Grosserowa), Lviv, 1922; St. George Communist Congress Trial, testimony of Adolf Ursaki, Lviv (Lwow), 1922; St. George Communist Congress Trial, testimony of Aolf Jung, Lviv (Lwow), 1922; St. George Communist Congress Trial, defendants support Ukrainian National Cause with East Galicia; St. George Communist Congress Trial, defendants largely invalidate a Polish Court, Lviv, 1922; The Communist Congress in St. George Cathedral living quarters regardes as Ukrainian Jewish intrigue; Polish national politicum perceives the St. George Communist Congress a Ukrainian Jewish intrigue; St. George Communist Congress Trial, testimony of Kazimierz Cichowski, Lviv, 1922, Wiek Nowy, 1922; St. George Communist Congress Trial, course of the proceedings, Lviv (Lwow), 1922; St. George Communist Congress Trial, testimonies of witnesses, Lviv (Lwow), 1922, 1923; Osyp (Iosyp), Krilyk, Ukrainian communist public figure, chairman of West Ukrainian Communist Party; St. George Communist Congress Trial, testimony of Commissar Iwachow, Lviv (Lwow), 1922, 1923; Defense questions prosecutorial evidential base in regard to the testimonies of police informants; Prosecutorial evidences rely largely on testimonies of police informants, St. George communist trial; Prosecutor Guertler (Gurtler), St. George Communist Congress Trial, Lviv (Lwow), 1922, 1923; Discourse of subversive role of communist ideology against national values in Poland, 1923; Discourse of bolshevism, Prosecutor Guerlter (Gurtler), St. George Communist Congress Trial, 1923; Discourse about the bolshevik terror in the USSR, St. George communist congress trial, Lviv, 1923; Discourse about Soviet authoritarian and Polish parliamentary systems, Prosecutor Guertler (Gurterl); Discourse about Soviet authoritarian judicial system and Polish judicial system, Prosecutor Guertler; Verdict in the St. George Communist Congress in Lviv (Lwow), 1923, Weik Nowy; St. George Communist Congress Trial, the 36th last day, deliberation of juries, Lviv, January 1923; Jury verdict against the main defendants, St. George communist congress trial, Lviv (Lwow), 1923; St. George communist congress trial, the Jury does not support the state treason charge, Lviv, 1923; Verdict to Stefan Krolikowski, three years in prison, St. George communist congress trial, Lviv 1923; Verdict to Kazimierz Cichowski, 3 years in prison, St. George communist congress trial, Lviv, 1923; Verdict to Osyp (Iosyp) Krilyk, 3 years in prison, St. George communist congress trial, Lviv, 1923; Verdict to Izydor Senyk, 2.5 years in prison, St. George communist congress trial, Lviv, 1923; Verdict to Nestor Chomyn, 2.5 years in prison, St. George communist congress trial, Lviv, 1923; Verdict to Adolf Jung, 2.5 years in prison, St. George communist congress trial, Lviv, 1923; Verdict to Michal Malinowski, 2.5 years in prison, St. George communist congress trial, Lviv, 1923; Verdict to Mozes Rappaport, 2.5 years of prison, St. George communist congress trial, Lviv, 1923; Verdict to Jan Wantuch, 2 years in prison, St.George communist congress trial, Lviv, 1923; Verdict to Jurko Matwijow (Iurko Matviiv) to 2 years in prison, St. George Communist Congress Trial; St. George Communist Congress Trial, reflections and analysis in Chwila, 1922, 1923; Adolf Jung, discourse of political status of East Galicia, St. George communist trial, Chwila, 1922; Adolf Jung, questions by the court about active Jewish role in communist movement, Chwila, 1922

Creators:: Periodicals published in interwar East Galicia and Poland (1918 -- 1939); Periodicals published in East Galicia in 1922, 1923 (1922, 1923)

Collection of Folder-Level 3: RG - 111.03, Sydir Tverdokhlib, assassination, October 1922

Professor, editor of a Ukrainian catholic periodical Ridnyj Kraj ((the Native Country) did not support all-Ukrainian boycott of Polish parliamentary election of November 1922. East Galician Ukrainian paolitical parties largely favored denial of Polish legitimacy of its ruling over Eastern Galicia. The Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO) orchestrated political campaign to boycott Ukrainian polticial representation as a result of probable taking part in the parliamentary elections.

Professor, editor, literaty, Ukrainian intelligent, Sydir (Teodor) Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib) campaigned to the Sejm (parliament) from the Lviv (Lwow) district. Not all the Ukrainians, regardless to undetermined internationally status of Eastern Galiica longing to political active position in regard to parliamentary election.

Sydir Tverdokhlib (Твердохліб, Сидір), born 9 May 1886 in Berezhany, Galicia, d 16 October 1922 in Lviv (Lwow). Poet, literati, professor of gymnasium, public figure and humanitarian, also a translator. After studying at the University of Jan Kazimierz in Lwow (Lviv University) and Vienna University he worked as a gymnasium professor in Lviv (Lwow). There he belonged to the modernist group Moloda Muza (Young Muse); his first poems and translations appeared in 1906 in the journal S’vit (the World). A bilingual (Ukrainian-Polish) writer, Tverdokhlib published one small book of poetry, V svichadi plesa (In the Mirror of the River's Surface, 1908), and verses, novellas, and translations in both Ukrainian (Nedilia (1911–1912), Iliustrovana Ukraïna, Dilo) and Polish (Krytyka, Przegląd Krajowy, Widnokręgi) periodicals. Tverdokhlib's translations introduced the Polish reading public to contemporary Ukrainian literature and were favorably received by critics. Published separately were his Polish translations of thVree books of Mykhailo Yatskiv's novellas (1908, 1910, 1911), an anthology of modern Ukrainian poetry (1911; 2nd end of 1913), and a book of Taras Shevchenko's selected verses (1913). Tverdokhlib also translated Shevchenko's ‘Haidamaky’ into German and Juliusz Słowacki's poems into Ukrainian. From 1920 he and Yatskiv headed the small, uinsignificuntly supported Ukrainian Agrarian party, which favored a compromise with Polish state of possession in East Galicia. The published the government-funded weekly Ridnyi krai (Lviv). During the Ukrainian general boycott of the 1922 elections to the Sejm Tverdokhlib announced his candidacy and began campaigning. Consequently the underground Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO) condemned him as a national traitor and had him assassinated, he was mortally wounded in Sapezhanka railroad station near Kaminka-Strumylova on October 15, 1922. Sydir Tverdokhlib died in the Lviv (Lwow) Hospital on October 16, 1922.

Subject/Index Terms:: Assassination attempt on Sydir Tverdokhlib by Ukrainian militants of the UVO, October 15, 1922; Sydir Tverdokhlib, Ukrainian literati, poet, assassinated by Ukrainian nationalist on Oct. 15 1922; Ukrainian boycott in Eastern Galicia of parliamentary elections in 1922, interwar Poland; Sydir Tverdokhlib against Ukrainian boycott and radicalization versus parliamentary elections, 1922; Sydir Tverdokhilb, editor of Ridnyi Kraj, supported Polish moderate circles and advocated elections; Sydir Tverdokhlib, studied in Jan Kazimierz university and Vienna university, early 1900s; Sydir Tverdokhlib, gymnasium professor, member of a modernist group Moloda Muza, early 1900s; UVO against Sydir Tverdokhlib, a conspiracy against him, 1922; Polish narratives with regard to assassination of Sydir Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib), Wiek Nowy, 1922; Sydir Tverdkokhlib (Twerdochlib), candidate to Sejm, electoral campaign, 1922; Sydir Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib), course of assassination at Sapiezanka, East Galicia, October 1922; Sydir Tverdokhlib (Tverdochlib), apologetic of Polish – Ukrainian reconciliation, 1922; Sydir Tverdokhlib, mortally wounded delivered to a hospital in Lviv (Lwow), October 15, 1922 evening; Sydir Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib), visionary of Polish Ukrainian co-existence and reconciliation, 1922; Sydir Tverdkokhlib in a hospital, operation, no prognosis, October 15, 1922; Sydir Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib) died in a Lviv (Lwow) hospital on October 16, 19222 after operation; Sydir Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib), eulogy and a portrait, Wiek Novy, October 1922; Sydir Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib), editor and publisher of Ridnyi Kraj (The Native Land), 1920s; Discourse of chauvinism in Wiek Nowy, assassination of Sydir Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib), October 1922; You build a bridge, eulogy in a verse to Sydir Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib), Jacek Obrochta, 1922; Monetary award is offered for findings assassins of Sydir Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib), 1922; Echo of the assassination of Sydir Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib), trial of Ivan Pasieka, Lviv, 1930; Sydir Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib), his secretary M. Dzikowski was part of conspiracy, trial, 1923; Sydir Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib), his associate Dzindra was part of conspiracy against him, trial; Trial over M. Dzikowski and associates, related to assassination of Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib), 1923; Trial over M. Dzikowski and associates, discourse with regard to Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib), 1923; Trial of the assassination of Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib), Michal Dzikowski, Jan Drynda. 1930; Trial of Ivan Pasieka, assassin of Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib), Lviv, 1930; Trial over Ivan Pasieka, assassin of Tverdokhlib (Twerdochlib), sentence, Lviv (Lwow), 1930; Documents in Ukrainian language; Documents in Polish language; Narratives in Polish language; Narratives in Ukrainian language; Eastern Galicia (Poland: Region); Eastern Galicia (Ukraine: Region); Lwow (Poland); Lviv (Ukraine)

Creators:: Periodicals published in Lviv (Lwow), interwar period (1925); Periodicals published in interwar East Galicia and Poland (1918 -- 1939); Ukrainian periodicals in interwar Poland (1918 -- 1939); Wiek Nowy, Polish daily published in Lwow (Lviv), 1901 -- 1939

Collection of Folder-Level 4: RG-111.04, Trial of Sobinski murder by the UVO members, 1928

This was a trial (called a process) of 17 young Ukrainians members of the UVO and it was held with regard to the assassination of the Curator of the Lwow (Lviv) School District, Stanislaw Sobinski.

According to Polish researcher and scholar Richard Torzecki the organizer of this attack was the commandant of the regional UVO, Julijan Hołovinskyj.

This judicial proceedings also became a public tribune of the illegality of police investigative methods and a public outlet of political ideology and of the ultimate purpose of the UVO.

Subject/Index Terms:: Assassiantion of Curator Stanislaw Sobinski, a discourse of causation in Hromadskyi Holos, interwar; Assassination of Stanislaw Sobinski, School District Curator, in Lviv on October 19, 1926, HH; Ukrainian political trials in Lviv,in regard to the murder of Stanislaw Sobinski, 1928 1929, Chwila; Stanislaw Sobinski, Polish educator, Superintendent of the Lwow School District in 1921 -- 1926; Stanislaw Sobinski carried out politics of Wladyslaw Grabski, Prime Minister of school pololnization; Stanislaw Sobinski, Curator (Superintendent) of the Lwow, Tarnopol and Stanislawow school districts; Stanslaw Sobinski, introduction of a Polish instructional language into Ukrainian school, Galicia; Stanslaw Sobinski was turning Ukrainian schools into bilingual, Grabski Act; Introduction of Polish language for officials use of school administration, 1924 -- 1926; Stanislaw Sobinski polonization of Ukrainian school, elicited hostile Ukrainian reaction, 1920s; Trial of the 17 members of UVO, January 21 -- March 13, 1928, Lwow (Lviv); Judicial mistake, retrial, eventually the names of real perpetrators were revealed after years; Vasyl Atamanchuk and Ivan Verbitski, wrongfully sentenced for the assassination of Sobinski; Trial begins against 17 young Ukrainians, UVO, assassination of Stanslaw Sobinski, October 19, 1926; Vasyl Atamanchuk, accused of assassination, Sobinski trial, 1928, 1929; Ivan Verbytskyi, accused of assassination, Sobinski trial, 1928, 1929; Mykhailo Verbytskyi, accused of assassination, Sobinski trial, 1928; Iulian Holovinskyi, accused of assassination, Sobinski trial, 1929; Antin Stefanyshyn, accused of assassination, Sobinski trial, 1928; Volodymyr Dzis', accused of assassination, Sobinski trial, 1928; Ostap Derlytsia, figurant of the Sobinski assassination trial, 1928; Prokip Matyitsiv, figurant of the Sobinski assasination trial, 1928; Mykola Kovalys'ko, figurant of the Sobinski assassination trial, 1928; Iaroslav Gretchak, figurant in the Sobinski assassination trial, 1928; Mykhailo Vistiuk, figurant in the Sobinski assassination trial, 1928; Volodymyr Darmokhval, figurant in the Sobinski assassination trial, 1928; Olha Verbytska, figurant in the Sobinski assassination trial, 1928; Oleksandra Iavytska, figurant of the Sobinski assassination trial, 1928; Stanyslava Dzioba, figurant of the Sobinski assassination trial, 1928; Olena Koroliukova, figurant of the Sobinski assassination trial, 1928; Olha Gretchak, figurant of the Sobinski assassination trial, 1928; Stefan Shukhevych (Szuchevych), defender, attorney at law in the Sobinski assassination trila, 1928; Volodymyr Starosolskyi, defender, attorney at law at the Sobinski assassination trial, 1928; Nowak Przygodzki, attorney at law for the widow of Stanslaw Sobinski, trial, 1928; Davydiak, defender, attorney at law in the Sobinski assassination trial, 1928; Mykhajlo Voloshyn, defender, attorney at law in the Sobinski assassination trial, 1928; Lev Hankevych, defender, attorney at law in the Sobinski assassination trial, 1928

Creators:: Polish judicial authorities, East Galicia and Poland (interwar period); Polis, Ukrainian and Jewish periodicals, stenographic reports on the Trial, Lviv (Lwow), 1928; Dilo, Ukrainian periodical, Lviv, stenographic reports on the Sobinski assassination trial Lviv 1928; Novyi Chas, Ukrainian periodical , stenographic report on the Sobinski assassins trial, Lviv (Lwow); Wiek Nowy, Polish periodical in Lwow, stenographic report about the Sobinski assassins trial, 1928; Chwila, Jewish daily in Lwow, stenographic report about the Sobinski assassins trial, 1928; Slowo Polskie, periodical in Lwow, stenographic report about the Sobinski assassins trail, 1928

Collection of Folder-Level 5: RG-111.05, Pieracki, assassination trial, Polish reflections, 1935

Pieracki, Bronisław, b 28 May 1895 at Gorlice, d 15 June 1934 in Warsaw. Polish politician and government official. One of the leading activists of the Sanacja regime, he headed the Nonparty Bloc of Co-operation with the Government. He supported ‘strong-arm’ tactics with respect to national minorities and the introduction of the so-called active policy with regard to the Ukrainians. In 1930 he directed the Pacification in Lviv and then (as minister of the interior) was responsible for similar actions in Lisko county in 1931 and in Volhynia and Polisia in 1932. In 1931 he made some concessions in economics and education to the Ukrainian minority. In June of that year he held several meetings with Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance leaders and Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky. He was assassinated by H. Matseiko, an Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists follower. The assassination was used by the Polish government to justify the creation of a concentration camp for political prisoners at Bereza Kartuzka. The organizers of the assassination, with the exception of Matseiko, who managed to escape, were tried from September 1935 to January 1936 at the so-called Warsaw OUN Trial.

Collection of Folder-Level 6: RG - 111.06, Ivan Babii, assassination, Lviv (Lwow), 1934

Ivan Babii, 1893 – 1934, Polish and Ukrainian educator, lieutenant of the Ukrainian Galician Army and of the Army of West Ukrainian National Republic. He held a position of Director of the Ukrainian Lviv Academician Gymnasium. He was active with the General Institute of Catholic Action under the patronage of Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Being largely pro-Ukrainian nationalist he favored peaceful relations between Ukrainians and Poles. Director Babii was against the terrorist methods of the OUN.

The OUN suspected him in cooperation with the Polish authorities.

The “Revolutionary Tribunal of the OUN” sentenced him to death.

Director Ivan Babii was assassination on July 27, 1934. The assassin was the OUN militant Ivan Tsar assassinated Ivan Babii.

Metropolitan Andrii Sheptytskyi publicly condemned this assassination.

Ukrainian society was largely rebuked this assassination.

Creators:: Polish judicial authorities, East Galicia and Poland (interwar period)